* FeLiZ AñO 2009 *

During the 17th century African slaves replaced Indian prisoners on the plantations. From 1550 until 1888 about 3.5 million slaves were shipped to Brazil. The Africans were considered better workers and were less vulnerable to European diseases, but they resisted slavery strongly.

Quilombos, communities of runaway slaves, formed throughout the colonial period. They ranged from mocambos, small groups hidden in the forests, to the great republic of Palmares, which survived much of the 17th century. Led by the African king Zumbi, Palmares had 20,000 residents at its height.

More than 700 villages that formed as quilombos remain in Brazil today, their growth only stopped by abolition itself, in 1888.
Those who survived life on the plantation sought solace in their African religion and culture through song and dance.

Life on the plantations was miserable, but an even worse fate awaited many slaves.
In the 1690s gold was discovered in Minas Gerais, and soon the rush was on. Wild boomtowns like Vila Rica de Ouro Preto (Rich Town of Black Gold) sprang up in the mountain valleys. Immigrants flooded the territory, and countless slaves were brought from Africa to dig and die in Minas.

Today, in Brazil the Black community often gathers and celebrates.

Estrada Real, Minas Gerais

The Estrada Real is the name of the path that Portuguese expeditions trailed to bring gold from Minas Gerais to Rio through mountains, plateaus, meadows and creeks.

The first route (Old Route) connected Ouro Preto, in Minas Gerais, to Paraty, in the south of Rio; from Paraty, the expeditions walked to the city of Rio. This trip took three months.


In the beginning of the 18th century a "New Route" was built. This new route took only ten days to complete; only people authorized by the Crown could travel along it.

Today, a partnership between the Instituto Estrada Real and the government of Minas Gerais is reconstructing the entire route.

The Old and New Routes are 1,400 kilometers long and cross 177 cities, colonial and baroque architecture in gorgeous landscapes.

From the heart of Minas Gerais, the Route goes from Diamantina to Ouro Preto, where it splits in two directions.

OURO PRETO

Ouro Preto is a former colonial mining town located in the Serra do Espinhaço mountains and designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO because of its outstanding Baroque architecture.

Founded at the end of the 17th century, Ouro Preto (meaning Black Gold) was the focal point of the gold rush and Brazil's golden age in the 18th century.
To find gold in Brazil was the dream of the Portuguese...The dream came true at the end of the 17th century, when pioneers from Sao Paulo found gold in the south-east region of the country.
The first gold, which was discovered in the valley of Rio Doce and Rio das Mortes, was called "gold of alluvium".
The gold rush started. Brazilians from every part of the country and even Portuguese, started to migrate to these regions with the hope to get rich quickly. The mines appeared and with them the villages. Gold seemed to flow everywhere; the numerous mines gave its name to the region of "Minas Gerais".
The authority of the region collected a tax : a fifth of the quantity of extracted metal. The gold was transformed into bars and a fifth was removed and sent to Portugal. People who were found with gold which didn´t have the stamp were severely punished: they lost all their properties and could be exiled to Portuguese colonies in Africa. Portugal collected about 1,000 kg every year.

The dissatisfaction of the settlers was big, due to the rigid control that Portugal was practising on the mines. Besides, they were judging abusive the tax collected on gold. Very often they were smuggling or hiding it. Led by Felipe dos Santos, a furious crowd demanded that the governor reduced the taxes and closed the "Casas de Fundição". Instead of holding his promise, the governor ordered his soldiers to invade Vila Rica (Ouro Preto). Felipe dos Santos was publicly executed. His arms and legs were tied to four horses that left in opposite directions. His head was exposed in the centre of Vila Rica and the other parts of his body were spread on the roads.

With the excessive extraction of gold, the production lessened, taxes were not paid on time and the inspection became more and more rigid. In Brazil, in 1789, a group of conspirators aiming at the emancipation of the country, was formed by persons belonging to the upper mining society and interested in the independence, since they were in debt to the Crown. Among them were the poets Cláudio Manuel da Costa and Tomás Antônio Gonzaga and Joaquim José da Silva Xavier, best known as "Tiradentes". The Inconfidência Mineira (Minas Conspiracy) adopted a white flag, with a red triangle, around which was written "Libertas quae será tamem" (Libertade ainda que tardia). But one of the informants, Joaquim Silvério dos Reis, known as the Brazilian traitor, revealed the conspirators' plans to the government. In exchange of the information, he was cleared of his debts. All the members of the Inconfidência Mineira were arrested, judged and condemned. All of them sentenced to death. But the Queen of Portugal, Maria I modified the sentence to exile. Tiradentes, which was one of the poorest and most humble, assumed the fault alone and was the only one to have death penalty maintained.




He was hung in Rio de Janeiro, and then his head was pulled out and taken up to the city to be exposed in public. The rest of his body was cut up (divided in four parts), and sent to several places of Minas to serve as an example of what would be done to new conspirators. His house was destroyed, his lands salted, so that nobody could grow anything, and his descendants were judged infamous for several generations. The execution took place on 21st april 1792, in Praça da Lampadora, in Rio de Janeiro





Minas da Passagem


The Brazilian "Gold Cycle" began in the 18th century and ended around 1800.
"Bandeirantes" in search of gold, emeralds and diamonds found gold around 1695 near Ouro Preto. The news spread to the whole of the colony and from 1697 a "rush" started.
During this period, the production of gold was 1,421 tonnes, Minas Gerais (especially Ouro Preto and Mariana) produced 700 tonnes, 50% of the gold produced at this time.

The "Mina da Passagem" is the largest gold mine in the world open to public. A trolley drives you to the underground galleries, which are 315 meters long and 120 meters deep.
Since its foundation in the 18th century about 35 tons of gold have been extracted. Mina da Passagem operated regularly until 1954. Attempts to reopen, from 1959 to 1966, were unsuccessful.

MILHO VERDE

The village was named after Manoel Rodrigues Milho Verde, the first person who found gold there. It is located in the Sierra Espinhaço, between Serra and Diamantina and was originally occupied by miners looking for gold and later diamonds. Portugal became aware that gold had been found, barracks were installed to collect taxes and to control the entry and exit of people and goods in the region. The restrictions imposed on the District contributed to the stagnation of the town. The place was forgotten in time. In the twentieth century, miners caused ecological damages by using pumps and bombs, which diverted rivers. Today, mining is prohibited.

During the 80's, the peace and tranquility of the place and its rich nature attracted hippies and residents of large cities and surrounding areas, interested in a more simple life.

Today, the village is seeking to develop a tourism based on natural and cultural preservation, a good chance of economic prosperity, as the majority of the population lives on less than 1 minimum wage.

DIAMANTINA

Diamantina was built during the colonial era in the early 18th century.
It was a center of diamond mining in the 18th and 19th centuries.












Estrada Real, Caminho dos Escravos

This road was built by slaves who broke and loaded these rocks to facilitate the traffic of the troops carrying diamonds and gold from Diamantina to Rio de Janeiro and Paraty.
The area offers amazing caves and cachoieras.

Feliiiiiiiiiz Aniversariooooo ma Drey!

C´est l´anniversaire de ma petite soeur! 30 ans! :)

HAPPYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY BIRTHDAY

FELIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZ ANiVErSaRiO


JOYEUX AnnIvERsaIrE

BOn, là c facile...et maintenant?!
Petit indice, ce sont les expressions dans les pays ou endroits où je suis (et nous sommes) allée(s) pendant le voyage!
ahaha! mais attention, il peut y avoir plusieurs expressions par pays ou par endroit!!!!
Allez, bonne chance ;)

Janam Din ki shubkamnaayein!

Parabenspara voce!

Selamat Hari Jadi!

Suma Urupnaya Cchuru Uromankja!

Otanjou-bi Omedetou Gozaimasu!

Suk San Wan Keut!

Selamat Ulang Tahun!

Droonkher Tashi Delek!

Parabens e muitas felicidades!

Huttida Habba Subashayagalu!

Janam Din ki badhai!

Som owie nek mein aryouk yrinyu!

Putudina dina saukhya!

Parabens pelo seu aniversario!

Ravihi janmadinam aacharati!

Allinlla p'unch'ay!

Feliz Cumpleaños!

お誕生日おめてとう！

Les 3 derniers, dans un seul pays...
Sun Yat Fai Lok!
Shēng rì kuài lè!
Sugeng Tambah Warso!

aaaargh il me manque ceux en Mapuché et en Rapanui...pas trouvé
enormes beijosssss, Alles Gute zum Geburtstag!
TI AMOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO


Les as-tu tous trouvé?

..::Pirates of the Atlantic::..

Paraty was founded by Portuguese colonizers in 1667, in a region populated by the Guaianás Indians. The Guaianás people made a trail from the hinterland to reach the coast, where they fished, dried and processed into meal a fish they called Pirati found abundantly in the river. They called the entire area “Paraty”. The Amerindians normally described locations according to geographical landmarks. The name Paraty in the Tupi language means an opening to the sea, gulf or bay.

After the discovery of the world's richest gold mines in 1696 in the mountains of Minas Gerais, Paraty became an export port for gold to Rio de Janeiro and Portugal. The gold rush led to the construction of the "Caminho do Ouro" or "Gold Trail" (using the old trail of the Guianás), a 1200 kilometer road which connected Paraty to Diamantina via Ouro Preto and Tiradentes. It was used to transport gold to Paraty, but also to convey supplies, miners and African slaves. But pirates who frequented the islands of the Bay of Angra dos Reis attacked the gold laden ships bound for Rio de Janeiro! A safer overland route from Minas Gerais to Rio de Janeiro was created. The gold began to run out in the late 1700s. In the 19th century, the same route was used to transport coffee from the Paraíba valley.

Paraty is very famous for its production of cachaça, a sugarcane-derived spirit used for the caipirinha and the gabriela (cachaça, clove and honey)!!

Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Dores.
This chapel dates back to 1800. It was used mostly by the rich women of society. The image of Nossa Senhora da Piedade was stolen from this chapel. It was finally recovered in the 1990s.

Igreja Matriz Nossa Senhora do Remédios is the largest church in Paraty.

In 1636, as a result of population growth, a lady called Maria Jácome de Melo donated the part of her land between the rivers of Paratiguaçu and Patitiba for the construction of a settlement, on condition that a church would be built in praise of the saint to which she was devoted, Nossa Senhora dos Remédios (Our Lady of Healing).

Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário e São Benedito

This church was built and used by Paraty’s African slaves.

Igreja de Santa Rita is the oldest church in Paraty. It was completed in 1722. This was the church of the white elite and freeman, former slaves who earned or paid for their freedom.

During the colonial times Trindade was the port used by the pirates to attack the shipping of Paraty. The present residents still talk of legends of lost treasure and chests full of gold. During the sixties the spot was discovered by the hippies.

Ponta Negra

ILHA GRANDE

The history of Ilha Grande and its prison meant that few people wanted to live on the island, despite its rugged natural beauty.

The first Europeans to settle on the island were pirates, waiting to attack ships leaving Paraty and Angra dos Reis that were laden with gold from the goldfields inland.

The terrain and isolation of the island meant that it served well as a leper colony and a prison for some of Brazil’s most violent criminals.

Eventually the island’s beauty was put under protection from further development, the prison was shut in the 1990s.